Chinese Wedding Gifts

If youve been invited to a Chinese wedding, you may have some confusion about the customs and etiquette involved in choosing a gift. For most weddings, all you need to bring is a red envelope with enough money to cover your expenses at the wedding. Special circumstances may require a different gift, though. The tips below will help ensure you make the appropriate selection. Red Envelopes: The Standard Gift Picking out a gift for a Chinese wedding is usually pretty simple. Thats because, in lieu of gifts, Chinese wedding guests typically give a red envelope called  hà ³ngbÄ o (ç ´â€¦Ã¥Å'…). If you go to a wedding, the money in the red envelope should have a value equivalent to a nice gift that would be given at a Western wedding. It should also be enough money to cover your expenses at the wedding (for example, your meal and drinks). If a wedding dinner costs the newlyweds $75 per guest, then the money in the red envelope you bring should be at least $75. However, you want to make sure to give your gift in the currency that the couple actually uses—for example, the Thai Bhat. Selecting the right amount of money to give is not as simple as learning how much the wedding venue charges per plate, however. Customarily, the amount of money gifted is also relative to your relationship to the recipient. The closer your relationship to the bride and groom, the more money that is expected. Immediate family, such as parents and siblings, should give more money than casual friends. In addition, it is not uncommon for business partners to be invited to weddings, and business partners often put more money in the envelope to strengthen the business relationship. In Chinese tradition, some numbers are considered luckier than others. If youd like, you can give an amount with lucky figures such as eight or nine (avoid unlucky numbers such as four, though). An amount such as $88, for example, is thought to bring good fortune. Other Gift Options As Chinese weddings have become infused with Western traditions, traditional Western wedding gifts have become more acceptable. But unlike at Western weddings, couples will rarely have a registry or release a list of wanted gifts. That means unless you know exactly what the couple needs or wants, sticking to a red envelope might be your best bet. Be careful when selecting a gift, as there are certain gifts to avoid in the Chinese culture. While many would make odd wedding gifts in any culture, it can be helpful to at least be aware to avoid a faux pas. Off-limits gifts include:   ClocksHandkerchiefsTowelsUmbrellasSharp objects (that means a new set of cutlery is out of the question)Cut flowersGifts in sets of four (the Chinese word for four is similar to the word for death)ShoesGreen hatsAnything in white or black If you choose to select your own gift rather than a red envelope, it may be helpful to coordinate with other guests to avoid duplicate gifts.

Marketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy - 1772 Words

Marketing strategies is a strategy that takes in consideration of all marketing goals into a one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan. Their three steps for developing a good marketing strategy 1) Planning Phase It includes SWOT analysis of your business in the marketplace, once customers need is determined and decided what product will satisfy those needs, then marketing mix 4 P’s and budget must be applied which will look over the facts that how those needs would be met. The next step in planning process is determining how the resources will be allocated. 2) Implementation Phase It is the stage of any process where the plan is put into action. It has four steps: †¢ Obtaining Resources †¢ Designing marketing organization †¢ Developing planning schedules †¢ Executing the marketing plan 3) Evaluation or Control Phase The evaluation stage is the stage of verification. This process involves ensuring that the results are consistent with the objectives. Marketing team, especially the manager will be in accordance with any deviations in the plan and quickly correct any deviations to get back on course. (Enterpreneurial Insights, 2015) Marketing Strategy used by Lululemon Focused differentiation and Building Brand name †¢ Focusing on lifestyle perception †¢Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy909 Words   |  4 PagesA marketing plan is crucial to the survival of an organization. Marketing plans need to be well thought out and target a certain market. The market that an organization chooses will demonstrate what direction they want the organization to head in. However, choosing just one market will be problematic to the organization because they will be missing out on other opportunities to grow. The organization needs to operate like the old sane, kill two birds with one stone. Therefore, if an organizationRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy1205 Words   |  5 Pages Any company, of any size that is successful in marketing always starts with a marketing plan. Large companies have plans with hundreds of pages; while small companies can get by with a half-dozen sheets. You should at the very least refer to it quarterly, but better yet monthly. By adding monthly reports on sales/manufacturing; this will allow you to track performance as you follow the plan. Any marketing plan begins with an assessment of your company’s current situation. This should include theRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy1299 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant to plan ahead in regards to how this product will meet the main stream consumer. The concept of marketing may seem like a simple process, â€Å"business success using a simple process of understanding and meeting customer needs† (Drummond, Ensor, Ashford, 2014). One tool used in order to ensure product to consumer success is a marketing strategy. A marketing strategy combines all of the mark eting goals and business goals in to one comprehensive package (Lake, 2016). The marketing plan explainsRead MoreMarketing Strategy : Marketing Plan Essay997 Words   |  4 Pages IV. MARKETING PLAN Our product s main marketing objective is to focus on the customers wants and needs and, at the same time, maintain a marketable selection of shoe polish at all times. This will allow us to effectively influence and persuade them to buy. Marketing Strategy:- Advertising: Our main advertising strategy is to let our potential customer know that we are aware of their wants and needs and have quality inventory and prices. 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Television and newspaper ads are becoming increasinglyRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy Essay906 Words   |  4 Pagesestimates and financials required for the proper and effective conduct of this marketing plan throughout calendar year 2016 by On-Target of SoCal can best be broken down and expressed within the following three major categories; implied, specified, and shared marketing activities. Each of which will be further addressed in the following paragraphs. Implied Marketing Tasks The Implied Marketing Tasks include all those marketing activities conducted directly and routinely by the entire staff of On-TargetRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy1326 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Plan Once when our business is planned and everything is done in proper manner than our time starts doing marketing and introduce our services to our target customers and place the image of our product in our customers mind. Actually language translation business is not same as product selling business, in product selling business, you have a product which customers can touch and check butt marketing and selling services is the hardest job because some our customers are unawareRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy1071 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is marketing? My personal definition of marketing is getting your product or service out in the open and communicating the benefit it can serve to the public or a particular industry. In order for your marketing plan to be successful, you have to decide which customers to target your marketing strategies towards. You have to make these customers believe that they need your product and tell them how it will create value for them. Using the marketing mix of tools called the four P’s of marketing

Federal Administrative Procedures Free Essays

â€Å"While Section 556 refers to the â€Å"burden of proof,† the APA fails to define the term.  Ã‚   Traditionally courts distinguish between the burden of persuasion and the burden of production, although the term, â€Å"burden of proof† is often used loosely to encompass both. Where distinguished, the â€Å"burden of persuasion† indicates which party must satisfy the decision maker in order to avoid losing on a given issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Administrative Procedures or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In contrast, the â€Å"burden of production, sometimes called the â€Å"burden of going forward with evidence,† refers to which party must initially come forward with evidence on an issue.   At times, while these distinct burdens are often borne by the same party, at times one party may have the responsibility to step forth with evidence concerning some issue (burden of production) while the other party maintains the responsibility to satisfy the decision-maker with respect to that issue (burden of persuasion). There are two cases that are probative on the issue.   The first is NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp, 462 U.S. 393 (1983) which held that the â€Å"burden of proof† in 556 (d) refers only to the â€Å"burden of production†. The second case, Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs v. Greenwich Collieries, 512 U.S. 267 (1994) reached an opposite conclusion and broke with long-established holdings and the first case, to define that, â€Å"burden of proof† and â€Å"burden of persuasion† are the same and opposite from the â€Å"burden of production†. In the case of EES however, since a federal agency issued the license in the hearing, the federal APA will apply procedures consistent with the procedures established by case law:   the agency has the â€Å"burden of proof† (also, the â€Å"burden of production†) and must come forward with the proof of the issue.   The EES then has the â€Å"burden of persuasion†, and must come forward with evidence that outweighs the agency’s. evidence. 2.   Requesting an Administrative Judge under the Florida Administrative Procedures Act The EES’s request for an administrative law judge would be in response to an initial ruling in the agency’s favor.   Robert C. Downie II   in his article, â€Å"Florida Administrative Procedures Act remedies survey† (Downie II, 2003), explains that a request for an administrative law judge is a challenge to any initial ruling in favor of the agency (which is analogous to our case: the EES seeks to challenge the agency’s decision. In his article Downie II also states that according to Fla. Stat. section 120.569(2)(a): â€Å"All rule challenges are filed at the Division of Administrative Hearings (DOAH) and are assigned to an administrative law judge (ALJ) for a formal evidentiary hearing. A hearing is essentially a non-jury trial. Following the hearing, the ALJ will issue the final order, which may be appealed to the appropriate district court of appeal. Generally, a rule can be challenged on three basic grounds, or any combination thereof: procedural errors, lack of authority, and substantive deficiencies. These grounds collectively are referred to as â€Å"invalid exercises of delegated legislative authority.† 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Fairness of the Hearings Process:   Differences between Federal APA and Florida APA According to the federal APA there is a series of steps to determine if adjudication is required.   They are as follows:  § 554(a) – The Test: Formal adjudication only required when the agency’s statute requires determination on the record after a hearing. * If so, use  § 556-57.   Then, after determining that formal adjudication is required, certain procedural rules come into play, which according to  § 554 requires the use of procedures typically used at trial. Notice.  § 554(b) Opportunity to reach a settlement.  § 554(c)(1) Must be conducted in accordance with  § 556 and  § 557.  § 556 – Addresses the hearing procedures; authorizes use of ALJs ( § 556(b) – (c)) and places the B/P on the agency. Any decision must be based on the evidence in the record.  § 556(d) Also, agency decisions of fact in formal   APA proceedings are reviewed under the substantial evidence standard.    This means that the reviewing court will only hold an agency’s actins unlawful in six instances, when based on a review of the facts the court finds the agency’s actions have been: (1)  Ã‚   unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed; and (2)   conclusions found to be— (A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; (B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity; (C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right; (D) without observance of procedure required by law; (E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to sections 556 and 557 of this title or otherwise reviewed on the record of an agency hearing provided by statute; or (F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject to trial de novo by the reviewing court. In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.   APA  § 706 However, in contrast as we’ve seen under Florida’s APA, adjudication is required in three circumstances (procedural errors, lack of authority, and substantive deficiencies), at the request of the party who seeks to appeal the decision. 2. Fairness in the Administrative Procedures:   Florida’s APA v. The Federal APA I think the Florida’s APA is much more fair than the federal APS because it allows for review of a broader range of issues, while the federal APA has narrowed the range of issues that it will review regarding an agency’s decisions.  Ã‚   In effect, I feel that the difference allows for bias in favor of limiting the review of agency decisions.    Further, there is one other way in which the ability to review agency decisions, is biased to favor the agency according to the federal APA, which has to do with the scope of judicial review that the agency must withstand:   the scope of the judicial review of an agency’s decisions depends on the agency’s choice of procedures. References Asimow, Michael. (2003).â€Å"A Guide to Federal Agency Adjudication,† American   Bar Association .   Retrieved February 23, 2009, from Google books. Downie II, Robert C. (2007). â€Å"Florida Administrative Procedures Act remedies survey†Ã‚   Retrieved February 23, 2009, from  Ã‚   http://www.floridabar.org/DIVCOM/JN/JNJournal01.nsf/4f0361bef4af101e85256f4e How to cite Federal Administrative Procedures, Papers

Current Development in Accounting Thought - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCurrent Development in Accounting Thought. Answer: Introduction: This segment intends to survey the chances for improvement, which are brought up with respect to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in connection to worker share-based accounting of instalment related with the compensation stock. Four respondents have been considered for giving remarks on the draft of exposure. The assessment of this area signifies that the extra tax reduction and insufficiency acknowledgment in the salary articulation require not be embraced. Likewise, the approach of symmetrical value could be started for limiting the consumption unpredictability from the income statement (Chakraborty, Chiu Vasarhelyi, 2014). Issues in Exposure Draft/Comment Letters: FASB has started and proposed diverse benchmarks of bookkeeping and it acknowledges remarks and drafts of presentation from various businesses and corporate associations. The proposition under talk considers the standard of representing refreshing the stock-based pay having the point number of 718. In particular, this standard is "Changes to Non-worker Share-Based Payment Accounting". For guaranteeing minimisation of cost, it is important to enhance non-worker share-based instalment. Notwithstanding, there are different complexities related with get ready and keeping up the handiness of data, as shown in the budgetary reports. At last, the report reveals insight into the diverse concurred and non-concurred remarks with respect to the start of such standard on enhancing the bookkeeping method to decide its advantages. The IASB has made sure that reporting organizations make inappropriate materiality evaluations and such evaluations might result in non-relevant information that is bein g omitted. Such practice statement does not cover materiality considerations considered by auditors for such purposes. It has been gathered that progressions in non-worker share-based instalment accounting are significant for maintaining the suppositions of the non-representatives to complete business operations in a better way. This standard has advanced a few thoughts to empower every association for partaking during the time spent remarking to acquire input. The FASB has introduced the progressions as inquiries and the associations are expected to remark on the same, in the event that they are concurring or opposing this idea. In addition, the associations need to remark on those inquiries just that are related with their business operations. Some of these inquiries involve impose insufficiencies and advantages, cost and multifaceted nature alongside keeping up data inalienable in the financial reports. Also, they incorporate the relationship between surplus tax benefits and cash flows, authorization for the companies in maintaining information within financial report, proposed business expansion and strategy for tax payment method. By getting the criticisms, it is conceivable to learn the convenience of these progressions for the general economy. Agreement and Disagreement by Respondents: The accompanying answers have been gathered from the chosen four respondents: Heiskell and MacGillivray and Associates: It is an inspecting and accounting association working in Australia and they have consented to the annihilation of PIC bookkeeping apparatus for diminishing the cost level and issues in the bookkeeping procedure. Moreover, it has even consented to incorporate remuneration cost in the pay articulation, which requires the usage of tax cuts and deficiencies. For the third question related with categorisation of duty money streams, it concurs that such activities could be pronounced as working action. In this way, they have concurred with every one of the progressions proposed with respect to FASB, as they are in accordance with general society intrigue and this accounting standard is valuable for both associations and representatives. Raytheon Company: It is one of the main imaginative and mechanical organizations well known for safeguard innovations, common market programming and instruments of security in the worldwide markets. The association depends on US meaning to create compelling corporate administration. It has given responses to the inquiries 2, 3 and 5 innate in the draft of introduction. It has couldn't help contradicting Heiskell and MacGillivary and Associates in regards to the recognizable proof of surplus tax breaks and lacks in the income statement. Rather, it has prescribed an approach of symmetrical value for getting better results; all things considered acknowledgment would just fulfil people in general enthusiasm by overlooking the authoritative intrigue. In any case, it has concurred that assessable financial streams could be pronounced as a working action and it has allowed the conservation add up to the best negligible expense rate. American Bankers Association: This is a relationship, in which the bank members work in USA and they mean to enhance the working exercises and the general managing an account framework. The association has concurred with the progressions of FASB; nevertheless, it has restricted the distinguishing proof of surplus duty lacks and advantages in the salary articulation. The explanation for such contradiction is that it would bring about varieties in the remuneration costs and money related reports. In this way, as indicated by this affiliation, the vast majority of the proposals would be advantageous to guarantee both open and private enthusiasm, aside from the rejected one. Visa Inc: It is an overall pioneer in innovation of online instalments expecting to enhance the worldwide instalment technique. It has been watched that the progressions would be advantageous; nonetheless, the difference is identified with the recognizable proof of surplus tax reductions and lacks in the salary explanation. These progressions would limit issues for some associations; be that as it may, the cost instability in connection to wage assessment may be expanded. In this manner, these progressions meet the general population intrigue entirely and the hierarchical intrigue to a great extent, with the exception of the rejected one. Assumptions behind the Theories of Regulation: This proposal is effective for enhancing the stock pay systems of the worldwide associations. It has meant to upgrade the financial explanation readiness and limit the load of the accountants and financial instalments of the businesses for tax holding purpose. The fundamental issue related to the proposition is distinguishing proof of surplus tax breaks and lacks in the income statement, as it would guarantee general society intrigue completely to improve the economy. In any case, it needs to guarantee private enthusiasm too to build the legitimacy of the proposition (Chatfield Vangermeersch, 2014). Three theories of regulation include private interest theory, capture theory and public interest theory. Public interest theory can serve as an economic theory that considers regulations is gradually supplied in account to public demand in order to correct inequitable market practices. Private interest theory involves individuals working in government sector and is motivated by a narrow concept of self-interest such as fame, wealth and power. Regulatory capture theory served as a process through which regulatory agencies generally becomes dominated by limited industries those they are charged with regulations. Theory that Best Explains Exposure Draft/Comment Letters Public interest regulatory theory is deemed most suitable for explaining exposure draft and comment letters. Based on such theory application the international accounting standard board considers publishing public comment for the exposure draft regulatory deferral accounts being an aspect of re-activated rate-regulated conducts research project. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it has been found that lone Heiskell and MacGillivray and Associates have concurred with every one of the progressions set down with respect to FASB. Be that as it may, alternate respondents have not concurred with the reorganization of surplus tax benefits and deficits in the income statement. This is because it may increase the expense volatility in connection to income statement. Consequently, it could be induced that FASB needs to guarantee private enthusiasm to expand the legitimacy of the proposition, despite the fact that the general population interest is completely met. References: Anderson, U. L., Doxey, M. M., Geiger, M. A., Gist, W. E., Janvrin, D. J., Polinski, P. W. (2016). Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on FASB Exposure Draft of Proposed Accounting Standard Update: Notes to Financial Statements (Topic 235): Assessing Whether Disclosures Are Material: Participating Committee Members.Current Issues in Auditing,10(2), C1-C9. Anessi-Pessina, E., Barbera, C., Sicilia, M., Steccolini, I. (2016). Public sector budgeting: a European review of accounting and public management journals.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(3), 491-519. Atkinson, G., Dietz, S., Neumayer, E., Agarwala, M. (Eds.). (2014).Handbook of sustainable development. Edward Elgar Publishing. Bebbington, J., Larrinaga, C. (2014). Accounting and sustainable development: An exploration.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), 395-413. Braun, G. P., Haynes, C. M., Lewis, T. D., Taylor, M. H. (2015). Principles-based vs. rules-based accounting standards: The effects of auditee proposed accounting treatment and regulatory enforcement on auditor judgments and confidence.Research in Accounting Regulation,27(1), 45-50. Chakraborty, V., Chiu, V., Vasarhelyi, M. (2014). International Journal of Accounting Information Systems.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,15, 122-148. Chatfield, M., Vangermeersch, R. (2014).The history of accounting (RLE accounting): an international encylopedia. Routledge. Du, K., Givoly, D., Alhusaini, B. (2017). The Impact of the Codification of Accounting Standards on Compliance and Reporting Costs, and its Usefulness for Empirical Research. Markelevich, A., Riley, T., Shaw, L. (2015). Towards Harmonizing Reporting Standards and Communication of International Financial Information: The Status and the Role of IFRS and XBRL.Journal of Knowledge Globalization,8(2). Watts, R. L., Zuo, L. (2016). Understanding practice and institutions: A historical perspective.Accounting Horizons,30(3), 409-423.

The Next Generation In The NBA Essays - , Term Papers

The Next Generation in the NBA Eventually, the NBA's brightest stars will fade from the sky. Great players come and go. Most new players wait, ready to carry on their tradition. Wilt Chamberlain and Russell were 2 of the best centers the game has ever seen. Bob Cousy, Oscar Robertson and Jerry West were the smoothest guards in the 50's and 60's. Earl ?The Pearl? Monroe and Walt Frazier dazzled fans in the 70's. The 80's, of course, belonged to Magic Johnson and Michael Jordan. The next generation is now ready to step into the spotlight. The exciting young players I've chosen have only been in the NBA a few years, but have made their presence known. Damon Staudamire and Grant Hill are the Next Generation in the NBA. On Damon Staudamire's right arm is a tattoo of mightymouse clutching a basketball. It is an appropriate symbol. Damon, the 5'10'' point guard for the Toronto Raptors, is a small kid in a big man's world. But size hasn't stopped him from accomplishing big things. He was named the NBA Rookie of the Year after the 1995-96 season. Like his favorite cartoon character, Damon knows that size is not everything. ?A lot of people think that being short is a disadvantage, but I don't see it that way? (Benagh, 71.) Damon Staudamire was born on September 3, 1973, in Portland, Oregon. His father, Willie, had played college ball at Portland State. And the Detroit Lions had drafted his uncle. It's no surprise that one of his heroes was Nate Archibald, a 6'0'' guard who's nickname was ?Tiny.? Damon is even smaller than tiny. But he has proved that basketball is not just a game for giants. If a player is quick and smart he'll be good. At Wilson High School Damon was captain of the varsity basketball team. ?As a senior he averaged 26.1 points and 9.0 assists (Benagh, 72.) He was named Oregon player of the year and led his team to the state championship. In college Damon was also very impressive. He led the University of Arizona to the final four in just his junior year. As a senior he averaged 22.8 points and 7.3 assists (Sporting News, www.sportingnews.com.) He was a first-team All America. Damon carries 171 pounds on his muscular frame. He may be short, but he is not weak. And he happens to be one of the quickest guards in the NBA. He reminds many fans of Isiah Thomas, a 6'1'' fantastic guard of the 80's. Isiah was the executive vice president of the Raptors. ?We're here to work toward winning a title, that's one of the reasons we wanted Damon,?(Benagh, 79) say's Thomas, ?He's a show all by himself, watching Damon makes you want to jump up and holler? (Damon Staudamire Online, www.geocities.com) Before he entered the NBA, some of Damon's critics said he couldn't run an offense. They felt he was a scorer, not a passer. But he proved that he could do both. Damon averaged 19 points and 9.3 assists in his rookie season (Benagh, 75). He is only going to get better as his career progresses. By the end of his rookie season, he led all rookies in steals, assists, and minutes played. He had 30 points in one game. In another he had 19 assists. ?I think I definitely got better as the year went on, but you know there's a lot of room for improvement? (Layden, 37.) Grant Hill has always been a step ahead of the crowd. Even when he didn't want to be. As a freshman in high school, he was 6'6'' and 165 pounds. The coach asked him to try out for the varsity basketball team thinking he would be honored. Grant broke down and cried. ?I didn't want to jump over my friends,? Grant remembers, ?I just wanted to be liked. I didn't want to seem better than everybody else?(Layden, 15). A lot has changed since Grant was a shy 14-year?old. Now he is comfortable with being the best. The now 6'8'' forward for the Detroit Pistons shared NBA rookie of the year honors with Jason Kidd of the Mavericks in 1995. Next year he was named to the All-NBA Second Team. And

An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Essays

An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Essays An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Paper An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Paper An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Introduction The pace of change in the marketing communications industry has accelerated with the advent of the Internet and new media technologies. New technologies create new ways for marketers to reach consumers and are having an impact on the more traditional media, in terms of greater fragmentation of these media (Belch Belch). For the purpose of this report, the official website of Dove will be critically evaluated. With effective use of the response hierarchy models, an analysis will be conducted on how Dove is exploiting the Web for influencing consumers. The Role of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) â€Å"Marketing communications is a management process through which an organisation engages with its various audiences. Through understanding an audience’s communications environment, organisations seek to develop and present messages for their identified stakeholder groups, before evaluating and acting upon the responses. By conveying messages that are of significant value, audiences are encouraged to offer attitudinal and behavioural responses† (Fill 2005, pp. 7). It was during the 1980s that firms started moving towards IMC, which essentially acknowledges the added value of a comprehensive plan that strategically evaluates the roles of a variety of communications tools and effectively combines these tools to provide maximum impact of communications (Belch Belch, 2004). Traditionally there are five principal marketing communications tools which include advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relation and direct marketing. Purpose of the website The website of a company can be considered as a promotional event on its own. The web is a place for individuals to communicate with others, organisations and individual alike (Rowley, 2004). The primary purpose behind the Dove website is to act as a rich information source targeted at the consumer; essentially females of all age groups. Such websites are generally referred to as non-transactional brochure websites. The website aims to provide information about the Dove brand, Dove products, Real Beauty philosophy and tools to attract users and enabling them to interact with the company. Although Dove does not sell directly to the consumer, unlike Body Shop, the website is very customer-centric due to the nature of the creative communications strategy – ‘Real Beauty’. Communications Objectives The communication objectives can vary from creating and increasing brand awareness to changing perceptions about the philosophy of the company that would ultimately affect behaviour. Possible communications objectives may include education and information, branding and image building, affecting attitudes, and loyalty and reminding (Christopher et al, 1995). In the case of Dove, the umbrella communication objective is to provide information to effectively change the target consumer’s knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards the brand, which would eventually change behaviour. The content of the website is focused on the objective of branding, via brand building activities with the use of the marketing communications tools. The communication objectives also include dissemination of information about new and existing products, and about the Real Beauty campaign and the various activities and promotions that are linked with it, which are strongly aimed on changing mindsets of the target audience. Also included in the objectives is creating relationships (Rowley, 2004) and attaining customer loyalty, through direct interaction with customers and finding ways of making the brand more meaningful to them. Evaluation of the Response Hierarchy Models Belch Belch (2004) believe that perhaps the most important aspect of developing successful marketing communications programmes involves a comprehension of the response process the receiver may go through and how the promotional efforts of the marketer influence responses of the target consumers. The three renowned models of the response process include the AIDA model (Christopher et al, 1995; Fill, 2005; Belch Belch, 2004), hierarchy of effects model and the information-processing model (Fill, 2005; Belch Belch, 2004; Huizingh et al, 2003). The stages in all three models are represented by the cognitive, affective and behavioural stage. The hierarchy of effects model is based on the assumption that a consumer passes through a sequence of steps, which include awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase. While most of the steps in the information-processing model are similar to those of the hierarchy of effects model, a new step introduced is that of retention, which pertains to a customer retaining relevant information. The hierarchy of effects model is known to be effective in advertising (Belch Belch, 2004; Fill, 2005) and Huizingh et al (2003) has proven through experiments, the effectiveness of the model to websites as a marketing tool. Linking Marketing Communications Tools to Response Stages An analysis is undertaken below to identify the tools that appear to be the most effective at each stage of response. Advertising The core theme of the website is to inform the target audience about Dove’s philosophy of beauty, which is that, â€Å"beauty comes in different shapes, sizes and colours†. The philosophy is aimed at touching a nerve of females of all age groups and is in stark contrast with the popular culture which bombards us with unrealistic images of physical perfection (www. unilever. com). The brand pyramid exhibited below shows what Dove, as a brand, stands for at a glance. The website contains a section dedicated to Real Beauty which contains TV ads, inspirational articles, health and beauty articles, campaign promotions, awards, Ask the Expert feature and interactive beauty tools. There has been an argument over the effectiveness of ESPs (Emotional Selling Points) versus USPs (Unique Selling Points), wherein the former focuses on brand values based on emotion and imagery and the latter on a more functional, rational approach (Fill, 2005). Dove’s campaign clearly highlights the ESPs, as they stir a chord in the women’s heart, therefore creating both cognitive and affective responses. A slight area of concern about the Real Beauty Campaign is that while Ad Age (Neff, 2004) might consider the campaign as a step forward, with Dove’s sales increasing over the years, it is still to be seen how the campaign will be received over the long-term. Dove was initially launched with a unique functional benefit strengthened by support from dermatologists and formed a strong emotional link through its one-fourth moisturising cream. That struck a chord with women who liked Doves qualities of simplicity, gentleness and truthfulness, thereby creating a strong bond of trust. The Real Beauty campaign focuses on an important issue that women are facing worldwide but it may well be seen slightly disconnected with the brand’s history and prior positioning. Sales Promotion The sales promotions offered at the website include giving out free samples of Calming Night, Ultimate Clean, Good Stuff shampoo and Real Beauty T-shirts (on ? 15 purchases). All the free sampling is done for new products which are launched within their own interactive sections on the website. These sections assume the role of interactive advertisements on the net. The tool of sales promotion is therefore effectively being used on the website to induce trial of new products and can lead to covering all the stages in the hierarchy of effects model, starting from brand awareness (cognitive stage) to leading them to the behavioural stage (ordering free samples or purchasing Dove products worth ? 15). Direct Marketing The browser is enticed to join â€Å"YourDove† and register for Dove Dimension e-newsletter or magazine. â€Å"YourDove† entitles the user to previews of special offers and product innovations, articles from â€Å"Opera. om†, access to beauty editors and expert’s advice and provides tips to create their own personalised beauty care routines. Toll free contact numbers are available on the website for customer support and emergency calls. The website provides a link to enable the browser to give feedback to Dove and â€Å"Add Your Details† option. The direct marketing on the Dove website influence the browser at the cognitive and affective stages in the model. Public Relations One of the most crucial aspects in the success of the Real Beauty campaign has been the effective use of PR to affect the consumers at the cognitive and then the affective stage. The â€Å"Dove in the News† section contains a number of press releases that were published in various newspapers and magazines. The Power of Word of Mouth (WoM) All product detail pages have a link to enable the browser to send the page to a friend by email. A link for the campaign for Real Beauty website (www. campaignforrealbeauty. com) is available in the Real Beauty section, which takes the browser into a detailed version of the activities related to the campaign (advertisements, surveys, Self Esteem Fund, voting by browsers on their notions of their beauty, message board for females etc. . This provides the browsers with an online platform to engage in meaningful dialogues about the campaign by sharing their views and experiences, which results in an overwhelming experience for the browsers. This takes the concept of the effectiveness and power of WoM to a new level, thereby affecting the browser at a cognitive level and possibly at the affective level in case of the onl ine forum, if he/she happens to read some really heart-warming experiences. Other important elements of the website There is consistency and clarity in the flow of the website and the use of brand colours, language and design aspects give a very welcoming feel to the browser. One aspect of peculiar interest in the website is the â€Å"We’re listening† section wherein the browser can find the FAQ, store locator and contact us sections. The FAQ section contains information on Dove’s promotions and offers, the availability of coupons in newspapers and magazines and the plans of making these coupons available to Dove subscribers. If a consumer has to track an order that he places, the only way is via emailing Dove, as they do not email the consumers about how the item is being tracked, which is a weakness of the website. It is intriguing to note that information about product ingredients, product lifetime and information about some of the brand values is in the FAQ section. Facts like Dove is committed with a limited number of organisations in donating products for charity, the company’s ethical stance on animal testing and its stance on recycling and environment are only available in the FAQ section. Other information about Dove’s beauty philosophy including the Self Esteem Fund etc. is also found in the FAQ section. The problem here is that vital information about the brand is lying in a section, which is quite invisible to the browser. Notably this information can play a key role at the cognitive stage. Conclusion Recommendations It has been noted that the Internet is having a huge impact on the marketing communications programmes of companies. The hierarchy of effects model was used to analyse how Dove is exploiting the Web for influencing consumers. In this analysis of the website, it is concluded that the marketing communications tools of advertising, sales promotion public relations, direct marketing and word of mouth have been effectively used to influence the browser at the cognitive and affective stages of response. It is seen that the tools can influence the browser at more than one stage at a particular time. It appears that the tools of advertising, direct marketing, public relations and word of mouth, in case of Dove’s website, influence the browser at the cognitive and affective levels. Sales promotion, however, seemingly has an influence on the cognitive, affective and behavioural stages of response. The website overall is quite focused on the creative communication platform of Real beauty, which is integrated into many features of the website, which influences the browser strongly at the affective stage. The weaknesses of the website include the lack of visibility of brand values to the browser, so it is recommended that a separate section for brand values should be created. Also, some of the aspects of the website are not integrated well, especially those pertaining to sales promotions, for which the browser has to visit another linked website. If these features were better integrated into the website, it would create a more synergising and integrated experience for the browser. Lastly, while the Real Beauty campaign, which is at the heart of Dove’s marketing communications strategy, is creating waves in the media presently, not much can be said about the future of the campaign as it deviates ever so slightly from the previous positioning of the brand. Never the less, Dove appears to be a very caring and supportive brand. The website achieves the communications objectives satisfactorily and can therefore be deemed as successful. It influences the browser more at the cognitive and affective stages of response and lesser at the behavioural stage, which is acceptable due to the non-transactional nature of the website. Appendix Screenshot 1 Screenshot 2 Screenshot 3 Screenshot 4 Screenshot 5 Screenshot 6 Screenshot 7 List of References Kotler, P. (2003), Marketing Management, 11th ed. , Pearson Education, Inc. Baker, J. M. (1996), Marketing: A introductory text, 6th ed. , MacMillan Books, pp. 50-66, 342-412. Belch, E. G. Belch, A. M. (2004), Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 6th ed. , McGraw-Hill. Berger, E. I. , Cunningham H. P. Kozinets, V. R. (1999), Consumer persuasion through Cause-Related Advertising, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 26, pp. 491-497. Berthon, P. , Pitt, L. Watson, T. R. (1996), Marketing communication and the World Wide Web, Business Horizons, pp. 24-32. Brin? ol, P. , Petty, E. R. Tormala, L. Z. (2004),Self-Validation of Cognitive Responses to Advertisements, Journal of Consumer Research, Inc. , Vol. 30, pp. 559-573. Cartwright, R. (2002), Mastering Marketing Management, Palgrave Master Series. Chang, Y. Thorson, E. (2004), Television and Web advertising synergies, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 75-84. Christopher, M. McDonald, M. (1995), Marketing: An introductory text, MacMillan Press Ltd. , pp. 2 00-250. Elliott, R. (1998), A model of emotion-driven choice, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 14, pp. 95-108. Fill, C. 2005), Marketing Communications: Engagement, strategies and practice, 4th ed. , Prentice Hall Financial Times. Hansotia, J. B. Rukstales, B. (2002), Direct marketing for multi-channel retailers: Issues, challenges and solutions, Journal of Database Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 259–266. Huizingh, E. R. K. E. Hoekstra, C. J. (2003), Why do consumers like websites? , Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 350–361. Katrandjiev, I. H. (2000), Some aspects of measuring Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC), Economics and Organisation, Vol. , No. 8, pp. 87-93. Kolesar, B. M. Galbraith, W. R. (2000), A services-marketing perspective on e-retailing: implications for e-retailers and directions for further research, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 424-43 8. Lagrosen, S. (2005), Effects of the internet on the marketing communication of service companies, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 63–69. Neff, J. (2004), A step forward: In Dove ads, normal is the new beautiful, Advertising Age, Crain Communications Inc. ampaignforrealbeauty. com/uploadedFiles/US/campaign_press/advertising_age_092704. pdf Priester, R. J. Petty, E. R. (2003), The influence of spokesperson trustworthiness on message elaboration, attitude strength, and advertising effectiveness, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 408–421. Rossiter, R. J. Bellman, S. (2005), Marketing communications: Theory and applications, Pearson Prentice Hall, pp. 3-40. Rowley, J. (2004), Just another channel? Marketing communications in e-business, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 22 No. , pp. 24-41. Rowley, J. (2001), Remodelling marketing communications in an Internet environment, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications a nd Policy, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 203-21. Unilever website unilever. co. uk/ourbrands/casestudies/dove_casestudy. asp unilever. com/Images/2004%2018%20May%20Goldman%20Sachs%20Conference%20-%20Speech_tcm13-5247. pdf Wyer Jr. , S. R. (2005), Emergent moderators of affective response in consumer behaviour, Special session summary, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 32, pp. 38-41.

Financial Management of the American Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ Essay

Financial Management of the American Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ - Essay Example Their similarities and differences will also be outlined. In order to evaluate how events in business entities affect the valuation of their stocks, it will also deem worthwhile to look at how the Former WorldCom Inc. Chief Executive Bernard Ebber's case affected WorldCom Inc., and the whole telecommunication industry. The origin of the American Stock Exchange can be traced back during the colonial times when "stockbrokers created outdoor markets to trade government securities." During 1921, the trading began to be conducted indoors with the hand signals developed remaining popular during transactions. Nowadays, the AMEX has evolved to become a trading platform not only for securities but options. The AMEX also specializes in trading Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) like Standard and Poor's Depository Receipt (SPDR) and Powershares, and hybrid or structured securities (AMEX.com 2006). On the other hand, NASDAQ, whose name is originally taken from the acronym National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, is the largest screen based equity securities market in the United States. It prides of having 3,200 listed companies which are recognized leaders in their industries. Its technical capability as well as reliability enables it to list more companies as well as gain the recognition of having the most number of shares traded per day (NASDAQ.com 2006). Both AMEX and NASDAQ are financial intermediaries aimed to transfer surplus funds from investors to companies by the trading of securities. In their profiles, it can be seen that they both facilitate the trading of stocks from companies. However, AMEX has long changed its core business of stock to option trading. Furthermore, AMEX also facilitates the exchange of other financials instruments like EFT and hybrid/structured securities. It should also be noted that stocks traded in NASDAQ are often more volatile and geared for growth like electronics and internet companies. On the other hand, AMEX is recognized to have more liberal policies on company listing attracting smaller, less established firms. Aside from the financial instruments traded, AMEX and NASDAQ also differ in other operational aspects. It should be noted that as opposed to AMEX which operates on a physical location, the transaction in NASDAQ occurs not on a physical trading floor but on a telecommunication network. IN AMEX, people are on the trading floor matching exchange buy and sell orders in behalf of investors. In NASDAQ, trading occurs directly between investors and their buyers and sellers, who are referred to as market makers. This is made possible by the technology installed by NASDAQ which elaborately and electronically connects companies. The AMEX is an example of an auction market where the highest bidding price is often matched with the lowest asking price while NASDAQ is a market maker or dealer that buyers and sellers go through to facilitate their transactions. The WorldCom, Inc. Fiasco WorldCom, Inc. once became the second largest long distance company in the United States after AT&T. However, the company suffered financially and finally filled bankruptcy in July 21, 2002. This event became so detrimental to not only to WorldCom but the whole telecommunication industry (MCI 2006). The fiasco was traced to the corruption of the company's former CEO Bernard Ebbers who accumulated wealth

ENTERPRISE & SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ENTERPRISE & SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The external factors include culture, role models, work experience, education, and environment. It is important to look at all of these factors and their influence on entrepreneurial behaviour. The relationship between the entrepreneur, personality characteristics, values, and other dimensions helps explain why some become entrepreneurs and others do not. Entrepreneurship is often difficult and tricky, as many new ventures fail. In the context of the creation of for-profit enterprises, entrepreneur is often synonymous with founder. Most commonly, the term entrepreneur applies to someone who creates value by offering a product or service in order to obtain certain profit. While there is social entrepreneurship in most markets, business entrepreneurs often have strong beliefs about a market opportunity and are willing to accept a high level of personal, professional or financial risk to pursue that opportunity. Business entrepreneurs are viewed as fundamentally important in the capitalistic society. Some distinguish business entrepreneurs as either "political entrepreneurs" or "market entrepreneurs." There is also the concept of social entrepreneurship. Since the beginning of the history, people have been interested in studying the nature of entrepreneurship. They wanted to find the 'traits' that distinguished entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs and successful entrepreneurs from unsuccessful entrepreneurs. Some researchers believed that cognitive and psychological factors like intelligence, ambition and aggressiveness are the traits commonly found in entrepreneurs. However, there were also another set of researchers who believed that physical characteristics like height (especially more than average), large body structure and personal attractiveness are important traits of entrepreneurs. Most research studies on entrepreneurship suggest that there are certain factors that differentiate entrepreneurs from non - entrepreneurs. Some of these include initiative, desire to lead, integrity, self-confidence, analytical ability, and knowledge of the specific company, industry or technology. If in case the above mentioned factors are supplemented with traits such as charisma, creativity and flexibility, an individual is likely to be an effective leader. The presence of these characteristics in an individual does not guarantee that he will be an effective l

Analyse and critically assess Baumol's model of innovationbased of Essay

Analyse and critically assess Baumol's model of innovationbased of growth - Essay Example For this reason he states that competition and the free market economy has played a major role in encouraging innovation by enterprises in the economy which has resulted into economic growth. According to Baumol (2002) capitalism is unique in its innovation characteristic and that the product of the capitalist society is economic growth. he notes that past economies such as medieval China were characterized by innovative and invention ideas but due to the economic system and characteristics innovation did not result in economic growth, the difference between these economies is that the modern economy is characterized by free competition and also that innovation is used as a competition tool in the market. Firms in the modern world have two competitive weapons and they include prices and innovation, innovation in the modern world is the prime weapon and has become mandatory in the modern firms. The firm that do not undertake innovation face closure in the modern world, therefore they compete to outperform their competitor in innovative ideas in the market other than the use of price, this form of competition results into new and better products and processes that benefits consumers. Firms result in frequent innovation as a competitive strategy and this innovation results into further innovation, innovation therefore becomes a routinised process. ... He also notes that the Capitalist economy is driven by profit motives, these motives makes firms to perform tasks efficiently and effectively, and that the invisible hand controls firms in the market from deriving abnormal profits forcing a firms to provide better products in the market than its rivals. Baumol (2002) however states that economic growth does not solve other problems the society may face such as inequality and this is because economic growth only solves problems that depend on it. On large and small entrepreneurs he noted that small and independent innovators provide a significantly startling result, he notes that a recent study by the small business association the frequency of citation of small firm patents is more likely to be among the first top one percent, Some of the products by independent and small firm innovation include the airplane, pace maker and the helicopter. This trend is expected to exist in future and that independent inventors over the years open up large firms that perform routine innovation. Large firms on the other hand also contribute to innovation. Large firms specialize in product improvement, provision of user friendly products and finding new consumers for their products. These large firms are characterized by bureaucratic controls that ensure that innovation processes are incremental and predictable, for this reason these control restrict imaginative ideas which may result into disaster and that may also result to revolutionize into a new world. Conclusion: From the above analysis it is evident that Baumol analysis of economic growth advocates for the free market economy, the capitalist society promotes growth whereby it is

The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology Essay

The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology Essay The concept of national security involves the preparations against threats to a countrys national independence, territorial integrity and national sovereignty emanating from internal or external forces or a combination of the two. The goal of national security is to protect the core values of the state: ideology, sovereignty, territory, government regime and citizens. Buzan et al (1998) suggests that security is effected by factors in five major sectors: military, political, economic, societal and environmental.  [3]  Since the beginning of World War Two (WWII) there have been many significant events across these five major sectors, which have shaped Malaysias national security. The most significant of these events include the Japanese occupation during WWII, the communist threat during the Cold War, the Confrontation with Indonesia, the 13 May 1969 race riots and the 9/11 terrorists attacks. There are also many non-traditional threats, both internal and external across all secto rs that continue to shape Malaysias approach to national security today. The aim of this paper is to outline and critically evaluate the major security issues that have changed the outlook on, and approach to national security in Malaysia. This essay will discuss major security issues that have shaped Malaysias approach to national security since the beginning of WWII. The Japanese influence on Malaya up to WWII had been positive in terms of invigorating Malay Nationalism and brought on the idea that Asian could challenge western powers.  [4]  However, the Japanese occupation during WWII created a lasting memory for Malaysias future elite in that it shaped their thoughts regarding the need for self-reliance in terms of security and defence.  [5]  Under British rule after the War, and on the eve of an evolving nationalist movement for independence, Malaya was challenged by a serious internal security threat communist terrorists. The First and Second Malayan Emergencies and the threat of communism are significant security events in the evolution of Malaysias national security. The success of the counterinsurgency (COIN) made it an example for COIN operations around the world.  [6]  Through KESBAN and RASCOM  [7]  Malaysia had established a whole of Government approach to internal security issues, primarily focused on communist terrorists, however Malaysia was still dependent on external support against external conventional threats through the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) and later the Five Powers Defence Arrangement (FPDA).  [8]   Malaysias focus on COIN operations through the Malayan Emergencies made it vulnerable to external conventional threats. Although the Confrontation with Indonesia in the 1960s and the fall of Saigon following the Vietnam War failed to perpetuate into full-scale war for Malaysia these events had two significant impacts on Malaysias outlook, and approach to national security. Firstly, as Malaysia was still reliant on the British to deal with external conventional threats through the AMDA and from 1971 the FPDA, they needed to assure national security by pursuing regional security through diplomatic means until its Defence Forces were sufficiently matured to deal with conventional threats. Malaysia was a key driver in establishing ASEAN and ZOPFAN as well as normalising ties with China and Vietnam.  [9]  Secondly, the events spurred military expansion toward developing a conventional war fighting capability.  [10]   It is difficult to determine if Malaysias continued military expansion and modernisation is the result of an Asian arms race as Soong asserts  [11]  or just the need to develop one of the smallest Defence Forces in the region  [12]  to one that is suitably self-reliant in accordance with the desires of the National Defence Policy.  [13]  Nevertheless, the development and maintenance of a credible conventional war fighting capability does little when the threat to security is from within as Malaysia was sadly to learn on 13 May 1969. The 13 May 1969 race riots are said to be one of the darkest moments in Malaysian history.  [14]  The reasons for the riots are many and varied but can be summarised as racial indifference regarding national language, Malay special rights, citizenship rights, and education policy. In essence, the tensions between the Malays and Chinese grew out of the perceived or actual threat posed to each races existence either through a lack of policy or policy itself. In terms of national security, racial tensions had been bubbling away in the background of other more conventional threats such as Communism and the Confrontation with Indonesia.  [15]  Regardless of the causes of the riots this watershed moment, Malaysian political life was refashioned, the whole notion of internal security took on another dimension,  [16]  based on race relations. Racial tensions have continued to challenge Malaysias approach to internal security with the 1998 Muslim-Hindu conflict in Kumpang Rawa, Pe nang; the 2001 Taman Medan Incident; the run-ins with HINDRAF and more recently the protests in Kuala Lumpur on 27 February 2011 regarding disparaging remarks against Malay Indians in the school text book and novel Interlok.  [17]  In sum, there were 1060 racial incidents in 2010 involving Malays, Chinese and Indians that continue to threaten Malaysias political stability and social harmony.  [18]  In so much as the 13 May 1969 was a wakeup call to significant internal security issues that threaten political stability and social harmony the fix appears to be more oriented on policing rather than policy.  [19]  Hence, a ticking time bomb remains so long as the lid of policing on the boiling pot of racial inequity has a political  [20]  flame that remains unattended. The 11 September 2001 attacks not only changed Malaysias outlook on, and approach to national security but that of the West and much of the developing world.  [21]  The threat to Malaysia from this event and later the Bali bombings in 2002 and 2005, the Jakarta JW Marriot bombing in 2003 and the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta was two fold. First was the fact that Malaysia, like any other country, could be a target of violent non-state actors (VNSA).  [22]  Secondly, and more alarming was that Malaysia was a predominantly Muslim state and could be linked to radical Islamic groups such as Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (KMM) and Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and their alleged connection with Al-Qaeda. Such allegations and proof of links could erode investor confidence in Malaysia and be economically and politically devastating.  [23]  These fears were later realised when it was discovered that two of the masterminds behind the Indonesian bombings were Malaysians.  [24]  M alaysias response was to establish the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter Terrorism (SEARCCT) in July 2003.  [25]   Today there are a number of security issues that continue to shape Malaysias approach to national security. The complex overlapping claims over the resource rich Spratly Islands (and the claim to Sabah by the Philippines) has seen the Malaysian Armed Forces commit significant air, sea and troop assets in the region to defend and protect its claims, particularly on the Ardasier, Mariveles and Swallow Reefs.  [26]  Further civil (through the Maritime Enforcement Agency (MEA) and Naval sea and air assets remain committed to patrolling and enforcing Malaysias sea lines of communication and its Economic Exclusion Zones (EEZ) from piracy and illegal fishing. Stretching these security assets further are issues such as organised crime, illegal immigrants, smuggling, and sea pollution. Malaysias Navy, Airforce and MEA continue to receive sizeable proportions of the Defence and Security budgets to modernise and expand to deal with these threats.  [27]   Other non-traditional and non-military threats continue increasing and thus shape Malaysias approach to security. These include smuggling goods and services, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, communicable diseases, deviant and cult groups, extremism, refugees, ethnic conflicts, environment disasters, cyber crime and several other illegal activities that can be categorised as organised crime. These threats have seen Malaysias approach to security focus more toward non-military threats in recent years.  [28]   If there is a lesson to be relearned from the past for Malaysia regarding an approach to national security it is the need for a holistic approach as was evident with the implementation of KESBAN in response to the Second Malayan Emergency. Malaysias defence management has a clear chain of command from the National Security Council (NSC) through to the lowest rungs of the Armed Forces and Police Force.  [29]  Security management is problematic, however. Eight ministries/agencies and 12 departments are responsible for the security of Malaysia.  [30]  Thus creates the problem where interagency barriers hinder the timely application of force against a threat from a particular threat sector based on the untimely dissemination of intelligence  [31]  and generally poor coordination.  [32]  Although, there is a significant level of cooperation between individual agencies responsible for national security it is only achieved at an interagency level rather than through the chai n of command  [33]  . Conclusion There have been several major security issues that have shaped the outlook and approach to security in Malaysia since WWII. The Japanese invasion shaped thought and provided the desire for self-reliance, the Malayan Emergencies shaped and drove a whole of Government approach to national security, the Confrontation and the US withdrawal from Vietnam drove Military expansion for security and defence toward countering external conventional threats and the bloody 13 May 1969 shaped Malaysias approach back toward internal security issues. More recently, the 9/11 attacks and myriad other non-conventional and non-military threats continue to challenge and shape Malaysias approach to national security. Of note are the internal threats to security where the approach appears to be policing over policy. The author believes that unless positive and clear progress is made in these areas that racial tensions will again boil to the surface.

slave families :: essays research papers

Aside from what the owners and overseers thought, slaves lived their own lives. They made friends, fell in love, played and prayed, sang, told stories, and engaged in the necessary chores of day to day living. These things as well as family and religion were also important to the slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the South, the slave owners defined the living arrangements of slaves. Most slaves lived together in nuclear families with a mother, father, and children (Phillips 1929, 14). The stability of the slave family was often challenged due to various reasons: no state law recognized marriage among slaves, masters rather than parents had legal authority over slave children and the possibility of forced separation, through slave trade or sale were an issue of every slave family. These separations were especially frequent in the slave-exporting states of the upper South (Phillips 1929, 16). However, the most effective way of controlling slaves was the threat of sale. Slaves feared the reality of such a suggestion more than any form of punishment. They could endure the pain of whipping, but it was more difficult to suffer the grave psychological injuries that stemmed from the severance of familiar bonds (Phillips 1929, 44). Parents who were sold would worry about the welfare of children growing up without a mother and a father. Slave men and women heard terrifying stories from masters about the dangers of life in other states or in other towns where they might be sold. However, despite their severe status, families served as the slaves’ most basic refuge, the part of their private lives that owners could never fully control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion also served as a refuge for slaves. African slaves usually remained close to their native religions, and many slave owners grew suspicious of those who looked to convert their slaves to Christianity, partly because they were scared that converted slaves would have to be freed. Christianity was increasingly central to the slaves’ cultural lives (Phillips 1929, 20). Many slaves converted during Christian revivals that swept through the South in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, where Baptists and Methodists denomination became most popular among slaves.

A Critique of “Don’t Blame the Eater”

â€Å"I couldn't open up a magazine, you couldn't read a newspaper, you couldn't turn on the TV without hearing about the obesity epidemic in America. † is a quote by Morgan Spurlock, that acutely describes the obesity problem going on in America. Any way one can want to talk about the problem, it will always be a huge dilemma throughout the United States. For a long time now, people have been discussing who is to blame for the obesity crisis going on.Some people prefer to blame the government, several blame the restaurants, others the parents and even the schools receive criticism for obesity. People should develop their own ideas on the obesity crisis and to figure out who is to blame and how to fix the problem. The main article I want to focus on is â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† by David Zinczenko. Throughout this article, he refers to the few kids suing McDonalds and other fast food restaurants.According to the book, They Say, I Say, there are two major parts of an article, the They Say, and the I Say. From Zinczenko’s point of view, he was biased towards the side saying that the food restaurants is responsible for the obesity crisis, while the others he is writing against, are writing about personal responsibility and how to teach the world how to be self-empowered and control what they eat. Others write about the government flailing around, not doing anything to stop and fix the obesity crisis.Zinczenko focuses on the fast food restaurants are causing all of the problems, because their advertisements are focused to children, (The Happy Meal by McDonalds) and teenagers, by having cheap carb filled food for the average poor teenager and college student. Throughout his article, he made many valid points as to why the restaurants are to blame for obesity. The restaurants create a very difficult way to tell exactly what you are eating, mainly because there are no calorie information on the food you get in these eateries.This is mainl y because the FDA does not cover prepared found in all restaurants, especially fast food restaurants, where it is needed the most. An example he gives is that is that a website says a chicken salad contains 150 calories, the almonds and noodles it comes with is an additional 190 calories, a 280 calorie dressing, but the dressing is 2. 5 servings. That total is 1,400 but that excludes anything else you might get, like a coke or fries. (Zinczenko 393) He also gives statistics that show how Type 2 diabetes has increased 25% since 1994. (Zinczenko 392) After all of the points he has shown, he came up with a solution to solve this risis, â€Å"And I’d say the industry is vulnerable. Fast-companies are marketing to children a product with proven health hazards and no warning labels. They would do well to protect themselves, and their customers, by providing the nutrition information people need† (Zinczenko 393) This is one way that we can start to work with the restaurants t o solve this problem. Although he brought up very good points, his argument was very biased against fast food restaurants. During the article he mentioned that we should be responsible for our actions, such as â€Å"Whatever happened to personal responsibility? (Zinczenko 391) and â€Å"Shouldn’t you know better than to eat two meals a day in fast-food restaurants? † (Zinczenko 392) He did not display both sides equally, or even bring up the other side, not contributing the â€Å"They Say† of his article. Other than those two quotes, he does not talk about others to blame or any other solutions to this crisis. Another part of the article that confused me was the part where Zinczenko told his story about how in high school, he was 210lbs. with a lanky 5’10’’ body frame. According to the article, he joined the Navy Reserve in college, lost all the weight by working out, and took responsibility for himself. Zinczenko 391)Even though he uses th is story in which he took responsibility for himself, he still blames the fast food restaurants and barely scratches the surface of self-responsibility. Another article about obesity is â€Å"What You Eat is Your Business† by Radley Balko, but it has a different approach then the way Zinczenko had used. Balko believes that the government needs to leave the public be, and promote personal responsibility. He says that politicians are joining the fight, â€Å"President Bush earmarked $200 million in his budget for anti-obesity measures. (Balko 396) Those two hundred million dollars could have been spent on much more important things, like helping people with more serious problems. Throughout Balko’s article he supports the idea the people need to take responsibility for their own actions, such as becoming obese. Balko says â€Å"It only becomes a public matter when we force the public to pay for the consequences of those choices. † (Balko 397) When the people who stay fit and control their own weight have to pay for those who do not stay fit and become obese is when this becomes a large debate.He continues on to discuss how easy it is to get health benefits while obese, such as not having an extra fee for people over a certain weight and â€Å"Your heart attack drives up the cost of my premiums and office visits. And if the government is paying for my anti-cholesterol medication, what incentive is there for me to put down the cheeseburger? † (Balko 396-7) The United States do not give any sort of privilege for being in shape, so why not just get fat and enjoy life. A third author who has written about the obesity crisis is Judith Warner, with her article â€Å"Junking Junk Food. All through her article, she pokes fun at the government giving different stories about how individual people are trying to fight the ways that the government is trying to deal with the obesity crisis. She starts the article off by telling a story about Sarah Palin bring a bunch of cookies to the schoolchildren to try to stop the â€Å"high-minded anti-sugar edict. † She made a few mistakes about the whole set up, such as Pennsylvania was not in a debate against sugar in their public schools, and the school she showed up to with her cookies was a private Christian Academy. Warner 400) despite the miscommunications that happened there, Palin’s message traveled straight to the American heart, â€Å"she had come up with new and vivid imagery to make the case that the Obama ‘nanny state’ is, essentially, snatching cookies – i. e. , the pursuit of happiness – from the mouths of babes. † Suddenly, any kind of attack on sugar or some sort of healthy sweet became an attack on the American way of life. (Warner 401) Glenn Beck is also fighting the government’s intentions, by creating a compendium that includes, â€Å"Reports of government health inspectors shutting down a 7-year-old’s lemonade stand. According to Warner, the â€Å"choice architects† of the Obama Administration believe that â€Å"you’re incapable of making decisions †¦. Left to your own devices, you’re going to eat too much, you’re going to be a big fatty. † (Warner 401) According to Beck and Warner, the government has no faith in us, so it views itself as needing to intervene. My own ideas of this topic lean towards Balko’s point of view, that we must become responsible for our own bodies. I do agree with Zinczenko up to a point that the fast food restaurants are partly to blame, but not all of the blame can be sent to them.And I do agree with Warner up to a point as well, we cannot leave ourselves in the government’s hands, we have to take responsibility. We, as a country, must work together with the fast food restaurants and the government to stop obesity right in its tracks. There are other ways to stop this crisis that are not mentioned a nywhere in the article, such as teaching children to cook healthy foods and exercise using such things as a nutrition class to teach the students to be responsible for themselves.We have to try to distract the children away from computer games and television to get them to play outside and get their daily amount of exercise. Others would point blame to the parents, for if the parents put in the effort with their children, and kept an eye on what they eat, and how often they go outside to play, can make a large difference throughout a child’s life. Zinczenko argued that as a teenager, he only had four or five places for him to eat around his house, but where were his parents at the time.No parent would ever want their son or daughter to be obese, so we need to let the parents know how bad fast food can be if that is all you eat. My goal here was to help you decide which group of people do you blame for the crisis, and how do you think it can be stopped. My answer is that we mu st influence ourselves to become responsible for ourselves, to help us want to stay physically fit and healthy. We cannot rely on any power, such as the government, or lay blame on the restaurants, such as McDonald’s, but take responsibility into our own hands. Which choice would you pick, and do you think you can make a difference?Works Cited Balko, Radley. â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† They Say/ I Say with Readings. 2nd. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein and Russel Durst. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012. 395- 8. Warner, Judith. â€Å"Junking Junk Foods. † They Say/ I Say with Readings. 2nd ed. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein and Russel Durst. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012. 400-4. Zinczenko, David. â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater. † They Say/ I Say with Readings. 2nd ed. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein and Russel Durst. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012. 391-3.

The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland

The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland The role of women in the society of the 19th century is a rather controversial point for the discussion in literature because of the fact the end of the century can be characterized as the period of the women’s awakening and starting their struggle for the real equality in rights with men. Henrik Ibsen presented his vision of the woman’s position in the society in the play A Doll’s House which became the sensation because of the accents on the problematic social questions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsen’s A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The play was performed on stage many times, and there are several film adaptations of Ibsen’s work. It is necessary to pay attention to the film adaptation of 1973 directed by Patrick Garland, starring Claire Bloom and Anthony Hopkins. Although stage productions and film adaptations often reflect the director’s vision of the play and its problems which can differ from the playwright’s idea, Garland’s adaptation of A Doll’s House can be discussed as the effective interpretation of the problems of the woman’s social position and the human personal freedom developed by Ibsen in his play. The main strong feature of the film is its strict dependence on the play’s plot and the author’s description of the settings which was followed thoroughly. It is possible to notice only few details which were changed by the director to provide the audience with the feeling of the real situation. It is necessary to pay attention to several excursions outside when the main scenes are developed in the house of Torvald Helmer. Thus, there are no significant transformations in the plot to meet the director’s intentions, and such additions as the developed scene of the ball can be discussed as the device to emphasize th e main characters’ emotions with the help of accentuating their actions. From this point, the director tries to represent not only his vision of the play, but interpret the work according to the playwright’s ideas. The problems which are discussed in the play and in the film are the questions of the women’s social rights, their position in the men’s society, the issue of the personal freedom, the problem of relations between men and women in the family as a result of the impact of social gender stereotypes. Patrick Garland has no intention to add some modern issues to the discussion in the film, but the ideas developed in the adaptation can be discussed as current for the social situation of the 1970s when the movement to protect the women’s rights was especially active.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also possible to determine the other important messages which were developed in the play and film such as the problems of friendship, blackmail, and lying for the benefit of the other person. The positive features of Garland’s film adaptation are in following Ibsen’s ideas to emphasize their revolutionary character, vividness, and currency. Nora, the main female character of the play, is the woman who comes through definite stages of her personal development, realizing that her life was rather artificial, and her house was only a doll’s house where the family values were insignificant in comparison with the importance of the social status and image (Ibsen). It is an interesting fact that Claire Bloom also participated in the adaptations of Ibsen’s play on stage that is why the role of Nora is close and familiar for the actress, and Bloom’s acting can be considered as persuasive an emotional. In his adaptation, Garland concentrates on the emotional state of Nora and her feeli ngs and accentuates her inner struggle and considerations with the help of the cameraman’s work when the shots are changed in relation to the changes in Nora’s emotions and her attitude to the husband (â€Å"A Doll’s House†). Nora is traditionally perceived as the childish woman, who cannot make the independent decisions, but her character develops during the play, and the audience has the opportunity to observe the willed person who wants to be respected by her husband because of her devotion and her ability to act independently. Bloom’s Nora represents all the stages of the character’s development successfully. Furthermore, it is possible to observe the changes in Nora’s tone of the voice, her movements, and gestures. Her speech changes along with her perception of the reality, and there are no signs of childishness in Nora at the end of the film (â€Å"A Doll’s House†). One of the most interesting director’s ap proaches to accentuate the emotional state of Nora is the scene with the Christmas ball when Nora dances the Tarantella. Ibsen used the symbolic meaning of this dance to accentuate Nora’s gaining the feeling of the personal freedom in spite of the pressure of the social prejudice. Thus, Garland accentuated the scene and used it to present the female character’s emotions as a kind of her opposition to the society with its norms because the norms and rules limited the women’s rights. Moreover, the scenes with a dancing heroine are also important to emphasize the chaos in her thoughts and feelings, which is represented with the help of the outstanding cameraman’s work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsen’s A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To determine the difficulties which can be experienced by the woman in the society of the 19th century, it is necessary to focus on the male characters of the play. Nora’s husband Torvald Helmer is depicted as the person who does not perceive Nora seriously. Thus, Nora is just a little child or even Torvald’s doll. Helmer’s attitude is also accentuated with the help of using definite names for Nora. For instance, perceiving Nora as a child, he says that she is a â€Å"little squirrel† (Ibsen 168). However, when Nora does not meet his expectations Helmer is inclined to forget about his attitude to the wife, and he discusses her as a betrayer who does not think about the husband’s social status and image. The problem is in the fact that Nora thinks and cares for her husband, but Helmer does not notice her efforts. Garland sticks to the text, and the character of Torvald Helmer presented by Anthony Hopkins can be discussed as responding to the audience’s perception of Ibsen’s Torvald. Moreover, Hopkins’ character is even colder and more possessive in comparison with Ibsen’s portraying the character. The figure of Krogstad in the film does not attract the audience’s attention because the duet of Bloom and Hopkins makes the vivid kernel of the film. Garland adapted the play with references to the details and careful interpretation of the main themes, but he also paid much attention to the characters’ casting. Bloom and Hopkins’ acting are among the positive aspects of the film because they make the drama alive and touching. That is why, Garland’s accents on Nora and Torvald’s final dialogues are based on Bloom and Hopkins’ great acting. Furthermore, the increase of the distance between the spouses is stressed with the help of using the shots to present the characters and the changes in their appearances and emotions (â€Å"A Doll’s House†). Garland made good attempts to emphasize the provocative character and controversy of Nora’s decision to leave her home. While reading the play, it is possible to pay attention to the tension of the moment, and this tension was vividly represented by the actors in the final scene.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Nora tries to rebel against the social norms supported by her husband which are not correlated with her vision of the good actions, and she feels her freedom to make her own decisions without being afraid of the public’s opinion. Patrick Garland’s film adaptation of Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House can be discussed as successful because the director sticks to the playwright’s text, follows Ibsen’s ideas without adding another meanings and messages to the points discussed in the play. From this perspective, the film is the real adaptation of the play when the director’s position is in interpreting the play’s text carefully and representing it with the help of a camera. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the good choice of the actors for the film because the acting of Claire Bloom and Anthony Hopkins can be analyzed as emotional and vivid. Thus, the evolution of Nora’s character is presented with proper references to the text, and Hopkins’ Torvald can impress the public with his coldness and definite snobbism typical for the men of upper-middle class in the 19th century. A Doll’s House. 1973. Video file. 25 Nov. 2012. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069987/. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Portable Legacies: Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction. Ed. Jan Zlotnik Schmidt and Lynne Crockett. USA: Cengage Heinle, 2008. 167-231. Print.

Learn How to Order a Drink in Italian

Learn How to Order a Drink in Italian One of the most delightful Italian traditions is meeting up for a pre-dinner drink between 7 and 9pm. Known as an aperitivo, this is a civilized way to wind down from the stress of the day and to whet your appetite for dinner. If you’re curious about how an aperitivo works and the etiquette when you go to one, read this:  How to Do an â€Å"Aperitivo† Right in Italy In order to take part in this tradition, here are three quick phrases to commit to memory: Prendo un bicchiere di (prosecco), per favore. - I’ll take a glass of (prosecco), please.Con / senza ghiaccio - With / without iceNe vorrei un altro, (per favore). - I would like another (please). If you want to get a bit more detailed, here are phrases that are more specific to: Ordering Wine in Italian Prendiamo un quarto di rosso della casa. - We’ll take a quart of red house wine.Prendiamo un mezzo litro di rosso della casa! - We’ll take a half liter of red house wine.Avete un bianco  pià ¹ morbido? - Do you have a white  wine that’s smoother?Mi consiglia un bianco secco? - Can you recommend a dry white wine for me?Prendo un rosso dolce. Solo un bicchiere. - I’ll take a sweet red wine. Just one glass.Vorremmo una bottiglia di Orvieto classico. - We would like a bottle of classic Orvieto.Un bicchiere di vino rosato, per favore. - A glass of rosà ©, please.Vorrei assaggiare un vino rosso corposo. - I would like to try a full-bodied red wine.Chi assaggia? - Who is tasting?Buono! - It’s good!Non mi piace. - I don’t like it. All of the above phrases will be really useful for ordering wine in a restaurant, too. You can learn some more phrases about how to order food here. Ordering Beer in Italian Some  popular beers in Italy are Tennent’s Lager, Peroni, and Nastro Azzurro. If you’re curious about other popular beers,  read this article  (note its in Italian).  Ã‚   Cosa avete alla spina? - What do you have on tap?Avete birre chiare? - What light beers do you have?Avete birre scure? - What dark beers do you have?Prendo una bottiglia di Stella. - I’ll take a bottle of Stella. Partaking of Other Drink Options Popular drinks to order during aperitivo are the spritz, the Americano, a Negroni, and prosecco. Bellinis, a popular drink made of peach juice and champagne,  was invented in the 1930s in Venice and named after the Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini. Vorrei un digestivo. - I would like a digestive.Prendiamo due Bellini. - We’ll take two bellinis.Vorrei qualcosa di analcolico da bere./ Per me un analcolico, grazie. - I would like something non-alcoholic to drink.Prendo uno spritz. - I’ll take a spritz.Due bicchierini di Jameson. - Two shots of Jameson.Un whisky liscio, per favore. - A whiskey neat, please. More General Phrases Cosa ti porto? - What can I get you?Ti offro. - I’m buying.Cosa prendi? - What are you getting?Quant’à ¨? - How much is it?Tenga il resto. - Keep the change.Servite ancora da bere? - Are you still serving drinks? And if you’ve done some more serious drinking while out with Italian friends, the next day you might want to say†¦ Ho un dopo-sbornia incredibile! - I have a hangover!Ieri sera ho preso una bella sbornia! - Last night I got quite drunk! Practice Dialogue And while memorizing the phrases that you’re going to say is certainly useful, it’s even better when you’re able to see everything in context. Here’s a short dialogue of what the interaction might look like: Bartender: Prego. - Go ahead and order. / What can I get for you?You: Prendo un negroni senza ghiaccio, per favore. - I’d like a negroni without ice, please.Bartender: Va bene. Altro? - Okay. Anything else?You: Anche un prosecco e due bicchieri di vino rosso. - A prosecco and two glasses of red wine as well.Bartender: E poi? Nient’altro? - And then? Anything else?You: No, basta cosà ¬. - No, that’s it.Bartender: Sono ventuno euro. - 21 euro.You: Ecco.Tenga il resto. - Here you go. Keep the change.

Perception and communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perception and communication - Article Example The main aim is to conduct this study focusing on South African organizations. The research was conducted in an exploratory manner. For the purpose of achieving its aim, the research was conducted by interviewing a sample of professional accountants. The views on the concept of interpersonal communication varied significantly from other professions as accountants take interpersonal communication as a tool to aid their professional goals, rather than creating unofficial relationships and bonds with fellow colleagues. The study also reveals that organizational communication is perceived as an official channel for accountants to collaborate their efforts; however, communication barriers may hinder the success of communication due to lack of relationships and knowledge about colleagues, their lives and views on issues. The perception about interpersonal communication of accountants, as per the research, seems flawed as they perceive it to be an official means of communication rather than a way to establish social groups and social status for their group. The main weakness of the article is its primary focus on qualitative rather than quantitative methodology. The article is primarily designed to observe South African organizations and accountants; hence, the applicability of the results and findings on other regions and groups may be questioned. The article provides a thoughtful start to a research; however, it lacks coherence, direction and sufficient supporting evidence. Considering the strengths of this article, one may conclude that the article is written in simple and easily understandable language. The article follows a logical flow of information starting from the definition of the key terms like perception, interpersonal communication and organizational communication to the conclusion where it achieves its

England during the 1700s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

England during the 1700s - Essay Example Although these higher-ranking officials were usually more loyal to the English interest than other members of a settlement may have been, their word was not final: in a court, for example, a judge ruling in accordance with English precedent could have his say overturned by a colonial jury. On paper, the British governed the colonies, but in practice the English government was overrun with colonial legislation, as well as the aftermath of its seventeenth-century civil war. Even when the Crown attempted to interfere directly with colonies, for example to combine them, this failed, and even had the opposite effect – colonies split, such as Delaware and Pennsylvania in 1704, and the North and South Carolinas in 1712. British rule was more often than not ineffective, and could easily be swayed according to the wishes of the colonies. 2. What was the theory of mercantilism and its application to British colonies in North America? The theory of mercantilism, which can be strongly lin ked to ideas of nationalism, was a facile but nonetheless popular form of economics; it had a stronghold on economic thought from the Renaissance to the nineteenth century.

Review on Promotional Material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review on Promotional Material - Essay Example The project envisages stage-wise development of Cassava crop cultivation, storage and marketing, and ultimately converting to bio-ethanol for international markets by establishing production facility locally. The project aims to introduce bio-fuel processing as a new type of industry in PNG by commercialising the Cassava crop as the main feedstock for the bio-fuel production, and to establish a base for manufacturing of raw ethanol for export to South Korea. The project requires acquisition of land for development of large scale Cassava plantations where Cassava tubers will be harvested, cut into pellets, dried and used as raw materials to produce bio-ethanol or bio-fuel as well as other by products. The project is fully supported by the government of PNG. A memorandum of agreement (MOA) was signed in 2005 between the State and the developer, Changhae International Cooperation of Korea. The State’s agencies secured their participation and monitoring authority through a Public/Private Partnership arrangement. As custodians, the government agencies ensure adherence to compliance issues. The PNG government sees this as an important agro-economy project. Bio-fuels can play a stimulating role in modernizing the domestic agricultural production and marketing. Production of bio-fuel from crops such as Cassava helps local farmers to increase farming revenues or expand the productive capacity of existing land. (i) Development of large-scale cassava estates, encouraging local farmers to form cooperative groups and take part in the company’s out-grower program. The estates will occupy a total land area of between 6,000 to 20,000 hectares (ha) of either State or private lands. Small scale plantations or out-growers development will cover any land below 6,000 hectares. The out-growers scheme will be in three categories – (a) contracted out-growers with a minimum of 5,000 ha land (b) non-contracted out-growers with 1-49 ha land and